ZOO 305
Animal Physiology
SECTION BA - Lab = 02:00-04:50 T D. L. Claussen
OFFICE: 164 PSN
Office hrs: 12:00-01:00 T, 12:00-02:00 W
other hrs by appointment
Physiology is the study of FUNCTION. Claude Bernard (1813-1878) is recognized as the "father" of physiology.
The August Krogh Principle: "For many problems, there is an animal
SCIENCE is: Science can be either "pure" or "applied", Observation is a necessary component of science, but, To be of any scientific value, observation must Charles Darwin expressed this well when he stated, OBSERVATION
can be PASSIVE or ACTIVE
An active observation = an experiment
Claude Bernard nicely defined an experiment as "an induced or provoked
observation"
TOOLS OF SCIENCE
These expand the limits of observation. EXAMPLE: You may not be certain whether or not your lab section is meeting
this week A NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho) is a hypothesis of Scientists document an effect by rejecting Ho
Rejecting Ho when, in fact, it is true is a Type I (alpha)
error. The classic SCIENTIFIC METHOD proceeds by testing one, Many scientific studies, however, are exploratory, rather than
, To be of any real value, the results of scientific inquiry must
be Altlhough scientists can (and do) exchange ideas in a number of
ways, For maximum scientific value, publication should be in an
appropriate Modern science is written in a very precise, yet concise, fashion. Tables, and, expecially, figures (graphs) are excellent ways of
Figures (graphs) are an effective way to REVEAL and DISPLAY ....SEE EXAMPLES....
Keep in mind that some (perhaps much) of what you learn
SECTION BB - Lab = 02:00-04:50 W
SECTION BC - Lab = 01:00-03:50 R
SECTION BD - Lab = 01:00-03:50 F
The study of how animals (and their
component parts) work
on
which it can be most conveniently studied"
A way of knowing
A method of discovery
but all science is based on
OBSERVATION
by itself, is not
sufficient.
be accompanied by
reasoning.
"How odd it is that
anyone should not see that all observation
must be for or against some view
if it is to be of any service."
Mathematical tools are used to
quantify observations
STATISTICS is used both to describe observational data
and for decision making
HYPOTHESIS = "an educated guess"
The scientific
method is largely based on developing and testing hypotheses.
We do not
"prove" or "disprove" anything. Rather, we use statistics
to quantify the
likelihood that a given hypothesis is correct.
We must be aware, however,
that any conclusion about our hypothesis
is subject to two possible
errors:
We may conclude that our hypothesis is true, when, in fact, it is
false.
We may conclude that our hypothesis is false, when, in fact, it is
true.
If you decide to attend lab and the lab does not meet,
then you
have made one type of error.
If you decide to skip lab when, in fact, the lab
is meeting,
then you have made another type of error.
The consequences of
these two errors are not the same.
"no difference" or "no effect"
Accepting Ho when, in fact, it is false is a Type II (beta) error.
or a series, of
null hypotheses.
These confirmatory studies should be designed to
minimize
Type I errors.
(by convention, a probability (P) of 0.05 is
considered statistically
significant for rejecting Ho. This means that we
reject
the null hypothesis with an alpha (Type I) of 5%)
confirmatory. These studies do not start with well-defined Ho.
Rather,
they are useful for generating Ho for subsequent
confirmatory
research.
Exploratory research should be designed to minimize Type II (beta)
errors.
COMMUNICATED in a timely and effective manner.
(e-mail, presentations at scientific meetings, etc.),
PUBLICATION
remains the essential means of communication.
place, and should be neither premature nor long delayed.
Authors
should avoid laboratory jargon, but should use appropriate
scientific
vocabulary. Most scientific terms are derived from
Latin or Greek.
presenting the results of scientific study.
BY CONVENTION (with only a
few allowable exceptions), we plot
the "independent variable" (or the
"cause", or the "treatment") on
the horizontal (X) axis, and the "dependent
variable" (or the "effect",
or the "measurement" on the vertical (Y) axis."
quantitative
data.
in this course
will eventually prove to be untrue.